Chapter 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chapter 6 - Essay Example The author has also inquired into the situation of both groups of primates not inter breeding yet sharing the food and other resources of the forests. Therefore the author believes that biological and behavioural behaviour of these two species of primates is worth re-examination . The author goes on to study their dietary habits and role of protein based food on their evolution. According to Craig B,this may actually "offer clues to aspects of ecological divergence among early members of the hominid phylogeny" and this is indeed the primary aim of his research. The reason this paper is addressing an important issue of physical/biological anthropology is that it shows how all primates have different dietary, sexual and behavioural habits based on their gene structure and habitat adaptation. On the basis of the study of these two species the writer has been able to draw conclusions on how the hominoids who were some kind of ancestors to these primates(although not entirely genetically) might have lived once upon a time . Based on these conclusions Craig then sums up that given that Miocene apes or Pliocene hominids had lived sympatric lives as well just like the apes and gorillas then they would have probably shared the food and environment in the same ways as well. It would be possible to discern their dietary and sexual patterns from the study of these much evolved apes . 3.What specific evidence, facts and/or examples did the author(s) offer to support their argument The author has included the statistics from his research in the form of tables and charts to show the numerical and empirical evidence collected from his findings and he made certain conclusions as to the range, diet and sexual habits of these two kinds of primates. His argument that the study of these more evolved primates will give an insight into the habits of the Hominoids and the extinct apes ,supported by evidence from other scholars and his own research. For example he points out that Chimpanzees and gorillas in sympatric are confronted with the same available resource bas, (yet)..Chimpanzees make intensive use of this prey base, but gorillas do not.. And then he goes on to link this with his finding about the dietary methods of Hominoids by saying that "An adaptation to meat-eating may have characterized the hominid adaptation during the divergence of the hominoid lineages. ancestral apes made the transition to greater body size and social complexity only because of the Added nutritional profile provided by a meatier diet." In this way he compares And provides evidence to show how the behaviour of the modern apes can help study the behaviour of the extinct species. 4.Did the author address any contrary evidence or the opinions/work of others that run counter the author(s) claims The author has not exactly addressed any contrary evidence which may possibly be a weakness of his argument. He has quoted many writers to go with his research and made a very strong connection between the two species in the modern and pre-historic settings. However he does

Problems Related to Internet Addiction on Children Essay Example for Free

Problems Related to Internet Addiction on Children Essay Internet could be considered as one of the best useful technological invention of our time. One can find every kind of information which s/he looks for on the internet. Because it is very useful, it is used by almost everybody especially by young people. Sometimes using internet too much may cause a serious problem named â€Å"internet addiction†, which affects mostly children. Internet addiction is a serious problem affecting especially children in two possible ways. Firstly addiction to internet influences children negatively regarding their socialisation. Children are affected by internet addiction because it takes too much time. For example, children who spend too much time with computer can not spend enough time with their family. They can not have fun enough with their family. So they evaluate a weak relationship with their family. In addition, spending too much time with computer instead of reading books may cause a weak talking skill. Moreover, not playing classical children games might affect children’s socialisation. Children who spend time with computer instead of playing classical children games with their friends because of internet addiction will probably have weak social relationships in future. Having good childhood friends is vital for having a good adulthood social life. Also, they can not learn how to struggle with real people outside because of lack of playing classical children games. It may cause being unsuccessful in their work life in future. Secondly, using too much internet might contribute to psychological problems in children. Overuse may cause increasing desire to use internet related to insufficient joy. Children addicted to internet can not get the same joy with their first internet using. The jot decreases day by day. They increase their daily internet using time in order to reach the same joy with the joy which they get previous day. Overuse may also cause being aggressive and anxious when being kept away from internet for a long time. These symptoms may even turn into symptoms of depression. Furthermore, children addicted to internet could become not to able to differentiate real life from online life. They may be extremely happy when they reach a higher level in an online game. They do not care about as much as they care about online games. They also identify themselves with virtual characters in online games. To sum up, internet addiction may cause two possible problems on which are related to their socialisation and psychology. Children should be protected from internet addiction in order to be raised as a healthy generation. Parents should make their children attend real activities (such as scouting). They also should limit their children’s internet using time.

Media During the Vietnam War

Media During the Vietnam War   Jenna Conley TTTC Argumentative Essay During the Vietnam War, television was just being introduced, meaning the citizens of the United States could see the war right in the comfort of their living rooms. However, the medias broadcasting of the Vietnam War was detrimental because it twisted the views of citizens, sparked protests, and ended innocent lives. Sometimes people even referred to it as the television war. It seemed as if life back at home was becoming as violent as life on the war front, but how violent? When television was first released about 9% of Americans had them in the early 1950s, but by 1966, about 93% of American homes had a television. The increase of television ownership happened about halfway through the Vietnam War, so it was one of the main topics of news channels in America. In order to get the full story, journalists and reporters had to go to Vietnam themselves, putting their lives in danger. It makes people wonder was it really worth it to go, and some got their answer when about 63 journalists and reporters died in Vietnam for what seemed like no reason. There has always been bias in the media, because everyone has opinions, including reporters. This however, can really get out of hand when citizens are being fed false information because somebody wanted to give their two cents. During the Vietnam war, there were plenty of opinions, whether it was supporting the war or not. Often times, considering it was war, there wasnt much good news, so many people developed a hatred towards the conflict. They started to blame the soldiers for what they were doing, but what is really fair to blame them considering they were just doing their jobs? It reached the point where the government started to censor certain news, and began to filter what the citizens were seeing on screen, so nobody could avoid the bias. Journalists and reporters were now able to take much more photographs and record video materials. As a consequence, the government had to face a big challenge in censoring all the new media for the first time (Rohn). Due to this increase in censoring, it started to spark protests in the United States, and even this resulted in more death than the war itself. Thich Quang Ducs name became famous when he set himself on fire, as a protest to the government for the persecution of Buddhists in South Vietnam, but this wasnt the only protest that came about because of the war. Like today, many protests are coming from college students because theyve reached a point where they are figuring out themselves, and their opinions. A large organization known as Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) played a large role in the anti-war protests. In May of 1970, at Kent State, there was a student protest happening, which ended violently when the guardsmen shot and killed four students. This all happened due to media bias making the citizens believe the government had no reason to be there. In reality however, it was only that the United States didnt make their intentions clear, despite having them. It makes some wonder however, why does the United States have to state their intentions if it is not entirely necessary? Maybe the intentions were not intende d to be shared. 63 or more reporters and journalists were killed in Vietnam. Naturally when the media gets ahold of this information, theyll bring a larger severity to the situation because it was their own colleagues, but did they have the right to alter the news just because of their own personal feelings? From the Cambodian Campaign, to the Battle of Quang Tri City, many journalists died, but for what cause? Getting out a story seems like it wasnt worth all the pain, especially if it cost a life. It wasnt just American journalists either. Reporters from France, Australia, and Japan alike where all reporting for their countries because citizens believed that their news was more important than a life. How could someone possible justify right and wrong in that situation though? It goes right back to personal opinion. It ends up just becoming one giant circle thats hard to break out of. This makes the media particularly harmful to the war and country alike. Could there be a good thing to come out of the media? Thats debatable, but it comes down to how it effects the majority of people, and from the looks of it, it doesnt seem too good. Although, some people could argue that the media was beneficial during the war. Now people could stay up to date on what it is that is happening over at Vietnam, and it was easier to see what it was that the government was doing. As stated earlier however, the ability to see what is happening every minute of every day might not be beneficial. It sparked violent protests, and was a large influence to the start of bias. This makes it almost impossible to argue that media was a good thing to come to the Vietnam war. So even though it all comes down to personal opinion and affect, nine out of ten peoples lives would show that not much benefit has come out of the media during the war. From death, to protests, to false information, bias played a huge role in the Vietnam war, much as it does today, and it seems that isnt going to change anytime soon.

Physics of the Browning M2 .50 Cal :: physics machine gun

The Browning M2 .50 caliber machine gun is better known as the 'Ma Duce' to those who have had the pleasure of firing this heavy barrel machine gun. In 1919 John M. Browning developed the M2 .50 cal as an anti-aircraft weapon. The M2 was first introduced into the United States Military in 1933 and is used by many militaries through out the world today. Since 1933 there have been little changes made to this weapon system. The BMG (Browning Machine Gun) is a crew served, belt fed, air-cooled, recoil operated machine gun capable of firing in single shot or fully automatic. Today the M2 is used for more than just anti-aircraft. Since very little changes have been made to this remarkable weapon system, military researchers have been able to maximize the capabilities and uses on the battle field. This weapon is used both in the offense and defense and can be used effectively to engage light armored vehicles, low flying aircraft, boats, and personnel. The M2 can either be ground or vehicle mounted giving our military unlimited uses of this weapon. This weapon system has been mounted on numerous light armored vehicles, air craft, water craft, as well as tanks. The M2 .50 caliber machine gun is a crew served, belt fed, air-cooled, recoil operated machine gun capable of firing in single shot or fully automatic. weight of total gun with tripod 128lb weight of receiver 60lb weight of barrel 24lb weight of tripod 44lb length of gun 65in length of barrel 45in muzzle velocity 3050fps~888m/s bore diameter .50cal~12.7mm maximum effective range 2000m maximum range 6800m~4.2miles There are over 20 different types of ammunition that have been made for the M2, each with it's own individual characteristics, color coding and uses. The primary round discussed on this web page is the M2 .50 caliber ball cartridge. The M2 ball round is one of the few rounds that does not have any color coding. This round consists primarily of the casing, primer, powder, and projectile. The projectile is 58.7mm long, 12.7mm in diameter and has a weight of 42.9grams. The projectile is a soft lead core incased in a full metal jacket. Most ammunition for the M2 comes linked in 100 round belts as shown below. There are some basic methods of firing that must be defined before discussing defilade fire. The first of these is line of sight. Line of sight is defined as the path from the gunner's eye to the target.

Teachers And Teaching In The Uae Education Essay

On Sunday, 07 February 2010 an Education Policy Forum took topographic point in the Dubai School of Government titled â€Å" Teachers and Teaching in the UAE. † The session included 4 panellists: Dr. Ian Haslam, Vice Chancellor of Emirates College for Advanced Education, Dr. Jane Truscott, Academic Programme Coordinator for Madares Al Ghad, Ministry of Education, Dr. Peggy Blackwell, Dean, College of Education, Zayed University, and, Jill Clark, Principal Curriculum Advisor for Early Years, Centre for British Teachers in Abu Dhabi. The panel was headed by the Moderator Dr. Natasha Ridge, Research Fellow, Dubai School of Government. The forum discussed the challenges and troubles to building an first-class instruction work force with quality, instructors ‘ fulfilment and satisfaction degree with the preparation and instruction they get, and how the preparation of instructors is altering instruction in the United Arab Emirates. Dr. Haslam started his treatment by inquiring what are the challenges to constructing a quality learning work force in the UAE? What are the challenges to raising the quality of the current instructors? What are the clear regulations and ordinances? He mentions the Singapore Model. Dr. Haslam focuses specifically on the significance of cooperation between schools and other larning establishments in public society. He mentioned that they need more work forces in ( ECAE ) as it is dominated by adult females. He talked about the 11,000 instructors who performed really ill on IELTS and had really low tonss. He added that most of the instructors do non hold pre-teaching preparation. Dr. Haslam emphasized the importance of constructing partnership between the province and the schools. He mentioned an of import point that if the pupils are underperforming, it is the instructor to fault and if the instructor is underachieving it is the Head of the Institution to fault. He said there need to be alteration and development in the procedure of how instructors are recruited and how it is extremely of import to maintain advancing by puting in research in instruction and professional development. The 2nd panellist was Dr. Jane Truscott. She started off by stating that Madares Al Ghad has 44 schools all over the Emirates with the same budget and resources as the remainder of the Ministry of Education schools. There are 3 chief ends of Madares al Ghad: to make a first educational system, to increase the capacity of UAE instructors, she says â€Å" the instructors are our resource for effectual instruction † , and to increase linguistic communication proficiency of class 12 alumnuss. She discusses the category room methodological analysis and as to who chooses the course of study. She negotiations of the importance of traveling to a modern category room where pupils can work in groups and where critical thought and collaborative acquisition takes topographic point. The pupils should larn new engineerings, she adds and to go experts with greater liberty and duty. The pupils have to go independent instead than dependent on the instructors. She so moves to discourse the chal lenges that face the instructor and how the quality of instructors is to be improved, how teacher preparation is transforming instructors in the Madares Al Ghad Schools. She talks about how to better the system overall and how to back up the mechanisms for the instructors to back up their attempts to do alteration. The tierces panellist, Dr. Peggy Blackwell spoke about some challenges that are confronting the instruction profession. The first thing she mentioned was the demand of a acquisition centre for instructors. She adds, the instructors need initial readying in the university and professional readying outside the university. The instructors have to cognize what they are learning and how to reassign the content to the pupils. Blackwell discusses the ends which are: to give the instructor the nucleus cognition for their calling and professional development, for every instructor to learn in a manner to optimise the cognition for the pupils. She talks about the importance of research and how course of study is of import for learning. Teachers should cognize about kid development and reliable appraisal of pupils. What could be the challenges? she discusses. There are a figure of challenges: Geographic scattering, non plenty support, non plenty follow up and work with the instructors, the Emira ti pattern of a short school twenty-four hours and school twelvemonth and many more. She so moves to the recommendations which are: the governments should present enfranchisement and licensing given to instructors when they complete professional criterion, a research Centre, learning Arabic linguistic communication is critical and how to learn it and to pay attending to what the pupils have to state and their feedback. Last, Jill Clark starts off by speaking briefly about the what the Centre ‘s mission and the alterations and transmutations initiated by the Centre for British Teachers in Abu Dhabi over the past 4 old ages in a figure of schools in Abu Dhabi. She said that Abu Dhabi invests a batch of money to develop the schools and to back up the instructors and a batch of schools have had good support ( substructure, equipment, etc†¦ ) from Abu Dhabi Education Council. These developments and alterations included doing the schoolrooms a more exciting topographic point to analyze, supplying entree to engineering in the schoolroom and extra instruction equipments and stuffs. She mentions the importance of civilization and heritage and how indispensable that the kids remember the UAE values and history. The English linguistic communication should be developed and that instructors should make this strong bond with the students and develop active larning communicating with the parents. Clark s discusses the major purposes of the Centre which are to make to the criterion of International Education, to develop on Humanistic disciplines, physical instruction and wellness, bilingual development, larning in context ( active acquisition ) and job resolution, instructors have to travel for lessons after school for English, regular appraisals of acquisition and developing practical patterns. She concludes by saying that the consequences until now have been really successful. After the four panellists finished their treatments, the moderator of the session, Dr. Natasha Ridge, opened the floor for inquiries and she concluded by reemphasizing the necessity to originate original and new learning methods to hold the students engage good. At the terminal of the forum, it was agreed that important partnerships need to be promoted between the state, the instruction mechanisms and other authorities organic structures to sketch indispensable policies that affects the development of kids.

Mr. David O’Brien

I will look at the key aspects that are present in the piece and how they relate to the question asked and the reliability of the source provided. The three aspects that I will look for are the evidence of economic pressure and how this drove people to fight against the poor law and rebel against the middle class and the oligarchs from 1838. The political movement within Chartism that spawned the general convention as well as the formation of the national charter association, and eventually put forward the petition in 1842. And the cultural community that was very inclusive for its time, letting people from outside England and also other ethnicities like William Cuffay have as much of a say as anyone else within the movement. I will then conclude by choosing what I think is the main catalyst for support. Part 2 What evidence is there in the extract above of the three explanations for Chartism’s support that you learned about in the chapter, and which, if any, is stressed most strongly by the speaker? In this essay I will show evidence from the speech provided, of economic pressure, political movement as well as the inclusive cultural community present within the Chartist Movement that helped Chartism gain a following, and reference other sources to support my discussion. And explain which aspect I think the speaker emphasises more strongly than the others. The primary source provided is the speech that was said on July 6, 1839, and was heard by as many as 12,000 people. It was taken from a report in the Northern Star a Chartist publication. I don’t believe this source to be particularly reliable due to the absence of the speaker’s name and that it is from another article. Certain things could be elaborated due to the bias nature of the publication. The speaker makes many references to the economic conditions of the times. One of the most important â€Å"These evils chiefly of a political and social cast arise from one source class legislation†. Class legislation refers to the laws that chartist’s thought were put in place to defend the rich. One of these laws was the â€Å"poor law†. This law enacted in 1834 by parliament, tried to push the able bodied poor into workhouses to receive money and aid from the government if they were unemployed. These workhouses would provide lodging and food but had a social stigma attached to them. This was not popular among the chartists or the general population alike. Another extract highlights the hard life of the working class during the economic down turn â€Å"while destruction in horrid form stalks though street, lane and thoroughfare, in all its sickening outlines, all of its appalling aggravations, all its emaciated frames, its haggard features, its ragged clothing, its insufficiency of food, its skeleton like, ghastly aspect, followed in the rear by heart rendering cries insufferable despair, the bursting heart, the muffle voice of burning inward madness, the infuriated rage of desperation, the sad habiliments of mourning, and the toll of the death-bell over the famish victim of monopoly, closes the scene† This is in contrast to the lifestyle of the Clergy, Aristocracy and the middle classes of the period. As many working class men we not allowed to vote, had laws passed that directly affected them whilst living in conditions that were abysmal made for strong resentment. The speaker adds â€Å"with this nation suffering its liberty and rights to be remorselessly trampled upon by murderous factions, jobbers and commercial blood sucking vampires, the rich unnaturally elevated above the proper spheres of the mortal man, the poor crushed beneath the alpine mountain weight of taxation, misrule and oppression†. Adding to this resentment was the â€Å"Peterloo massacre† where Chartist’s died at the hands of British Army cavalry during a protest. Going back to other comments made by the speaker â€Å"Honourable gentlemen, I mean by this name the working class only† Highlighting the feeling between the working class and other casts, as very much divided. Extreme conditions and inequality existed throughout economic downturn and from 1837 to 1842 Britain was experiencing a sharp recession. 1839 was a â€Å"year of mass meetings† and there was a common ground among working class males that the idea of universal suffrage should be implemented, as they did not feel adequately represented in parliament. There is a strong political message for reform. Swell the numbers of the patriot throng which have sworn by him that liveth for ever, that they will have the peoples charter, or they will die in the struggle. (Bravo, and We will)† The movement formed a more organise d front just after this speech on 20 July 1840 with the formation of the National Charter Association (NSA). Braches organised meetings and distributed free press. Mass meeting like this speech and the NSA were pivotal in the creation of the second charter that was signed by 3,317,752 people supporting Universal suffrage and other points mentioned in the charter. The Chartist Movement was very inclusive, as at this time racism and discrimination were rife. Some examples of this in the higher leadership are Fergus O’Connor an Irishman of noble standing and William Cuffay the son of a freed black slave and well as being born with a deformed lower back and leg. â€Å"Mr Chairman and fellow working men, brethren of the human race†, an example of the camaraderie of the working class as a whole. The economic conditions and lack of representation are the main points in this speech. They led to the common support of the chartist cause, as support would increase in times of economic difficulty. Chartist’s adapted to create a political movement out of which, they had a voice. I conclude that Chartism was the catalyst for change and one of the main reasons we live in a democratic society today.

buy custom Deoxyribonucleic Acid essay

buy custom Deoxyribonucleic Acid essay ABSTRACT Deoxyribonucleic acid is often abbreviated as DNA ,is basically a nucleic acid which contains genetic material or instructions that are used for the development and functioning of any living organisms except the RNA viruses. The main role that DNA molecules play is the storage of genetic information. DNA is in most cases compared to some set of blueprints, because it contains the main instructions that are needed for constructing other aspects of body cells, for instance proteins and others like the RNA molecules. The segments of the DNA that carry the genetic material are normally called genes, the other DNA parts have structural functions and purposes, for instance they are in are involved in the process of regulating the use of some of the genetic information and material . The RNA and other proteins in the DNA are some of the three main and major macromolecules which are essential for any form of life. The background of DNA and how it came about DNA mainly consists of two lengthy polymers which consist of small and simple units known as nucleotides which have backbones that are made of phosphate groups and sugars; they are normally joined by bonds of ester. The two strands sort of run in opposite directions from each other and therefore appear to be anti-parallel. One of those four types of molecules that are called nucleobases are attached to the sugars .It is the sequence and arrangement of these four nucleobases on the backbone which encodes the genetic information. This genetic information is normally read using genetic code, which helps in specifying the sequence of other properties like the amino acids in the proteins. The genetic code is normally read by basically copying the DNA stretches into related nucleic acid RNA through a process that is called transcription. Within bodily cells, DNA is normally organized into some long structures known as chromosomes. During the process of cell division the chromosomes are normally duplicated in the DNA replication process, this provides each of the cells with its own set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms always store most of their DNA material in their cell nucleus. Court Cases that involved DNA tests DNA has help free many people who were incarcerated for many years for instance there was a case involving a Texas man who was imprisoned close to 30 years ago because of robbery charges, he was lucky recently when his conviction got overturned after DNA test evidence helped him get exonerated. A Dallas County Judge by the name Don Adams overturned Mr. Cornelius Dupree Jr.s conviction due to contrary evidence courtesy of a DNA test. Dupree had served many years in a prison in Texas for a crime he actually did not commit fortunately he got exonerated because of the DNA evidence. Its only two other individuals who got exonerated by use of DNA have spent a longer period of time in prison in the whole republic, this was revealed by the Innocence Project. Texas alone has freed close to 41 wrongly incarcerated prisoners and this is necessitated by DNA testing since the year 2001, than any other state. Mr. Dupree told journalists that being free brought a lot of joy to him considering the period of time he had been unfairly incarcerated .He confessed that his release was both joyous but also made him angered in one way or another but the joy overrode the anger ,freedom meant a lot to him. The decisions of the judge were based on the some of the comments from a Dallas District Attorney by the name Craig Watkins, who said that the DNA testing proved otherwise in regard to allegations that Dupree committed the crime. After his release Dupree attempted not to be too annoyed and angry, despite the fact that they had imprisoned him unfairly for 30 years and wasted his time. He announced that what happened to him could have happened to any other person but it was unfortunate that it happened to him and he pleaded for the federal government to correct the justice system to ensure that no one ever suffers for mistakes or crimes they acually didnt commit. The system he was actually referring to was that of the united states but particularly Dallas because a record 21 individuals had been exonerated because their DNA test contradicted the allegations levelled against them .Mr. Cornelius Dupree spent thirty years in prison because of mistaken identity, something that would have been avoided if all the right practices would have been used in the due process that led to his misery. Nina Morrison, who happens to be a senior staff lawyer at the Dallas Innocence Project, while addressing the media over the same issue confessed that indeed there, are a big number of people who are always wrongly accused and convicted especially in Dallas and many other places in America on the basis of wrong identification or mistaken identity. Fortunately she promised that a lot of improvements were in the offing to ensure that what happened to Mr. Dupree does not ever happen to someone else. Morrison attributed the exoneration of Dupree to the good work of some of the district attorneys who has seriously been examining some of the previous convictions very closely and also the Dallas County legal authorities for keep evidence safely. Watkins who was the then district attorney, said that there were no standards in place to basically help in the proper keeping of evidence, but when he assumed office, he ensured that people did not only seek to convict others but to also seek justic e. According to Shown, A. (2011), one of the measures that should be in place is to basically create a unit which specifically looks at claims of those alleging to be innocent .Watkins together with Morrison who work at the innocence project are fully determined to see that changes that are aimed at ensuring instant justice to the innocent ones are in place. The authorities should be concerned with ensuring that they bring back trust to the justice system. Dupree had been accused of being part of a group of men who forced a middle aged woman who was in the company of a male friend to get into a car at gun point in the year 1979.The two were forced to drive and got robbed in the process as far as the court document used in that case are concerned. Dupree was also accused of raping the young lady according to the court documents. According to the court documents, the young lady initially managed to identify Dupree after being presented a photo line-up. During the trial, both victims alleged that Dupree was the one who committed the heinous crime. Dupree was convicted and given a 75 years sentence. Dupree struggled and fought for his innocence from the day he was arrested and a very long period of time he unsuccessfully attempted to convince the authorities that he was mistakenly identified by the victim as the suspect. The Criminal court Appeal handling his case turned him down more than two times. According to Wade, S (2010), mistaken identification is one of the most common excuses that court give whenever they accuse and at times sentence people innocently, this has always plagued most of our criminal justice systems, however great strides have actually been made in past few decades to help accurately understand some of the problem in order to come up with solutions to help minimize some of the wrongful convictions. According to Osterburg, j.and Ward. R (2010) the state lawmakers should be very keen and take note of the unnecessary miscarriage of truth and justice that Cornelius suffered because whenever a wrong person gets convicted of a criminal activity, the real person who perpetrated the crime goes free. The use of DNA is one of the most efficient ways to ensure that justice is dispensed to all fairly unfortunately its a bit expensive and if effected together with other small changes for instance reducing corruption because as much as DNA May be accurate,if we have a rogues judiciary then we are headed nowhere.To make the system most efficient and reduce chances of corruption quite a number of changes have to take place. First of all it ought to be completely independent including the operations of public defender offices, which should have their own readily available and stable full-time defense lawyers and attorneys fully bbacked by good office support staff and smart investigators. The public defender offices should be subjects to regular evaluation and scrutiny .Public defender offices should be established in more counties and if possible expand and strengthen the existing ones for capital cases, in order to have statewide reach among the less populated counties. The state needs more leaders and particularly those in authority to have integrity so as to ensure that all the money that is allocated for targeted efforts doesnt get misappropriated. The counties should strive to be self efficient and shoulder the entire cost of the public defender office for them to realize growth and a sense of responsibility. If at all this strategy doesnt seem to work, then the grants should be structured so that the state can cover half the cost of the indigent defense program. Alternatively, the government can as well play an oversight role in order to assist public defender offices for them to be more effective. Another option is to make the various attorney appointment procedures and systems across the state to be more independent. Many are of the opinion that the current system of giving the jury or judges the power to appoint the defense lawyers or attorneys runs counter to best practices that were promulgated by the American Bar Association. Its argued that by giving judges and the jury this power, posed as a fundamental conflict of interest and an opportunity for corruption. Short of coming up with an independent public defender offices, options that can allow counties to come up with an independent counsel appointment system still exist. There is speculation that judges can still jump at such chances in a bid to relieve themselves of the heavy administrative burdens of appointing counsel. The biggest pushback and impediment against a public defenders office may probably come from older judges who probably dont want to give up the influence that comes together with the power of appointing an attorney. Again some judges tend to use their power to appoint at times like a patronage tool when election year come. Legislatures should also try and see the possibility of a statewide public defender system. Particularly large and diverse ones like Texas need uniform and collectively agreed on standards that can best be enforced and coordinated through a statewide office. The authorities should also help by keeping a keen eye on counties that dont comply with the Fair Defense Act. THE STATES ROLE IN ENSURING THE EFFICIENT OF THE SYSTEM The most important functions or role of a successful state commission or oversight body is to insulate the defense function by basically providing a measure of independence to the indigent defense system from all sorts of political and judicial influence. They should also incorporate medical practitioners who are trained in matters concerning DNA. Without that kind of composition of the justice system and independence, the probability or likelihood of managing to successfully improve indigent. Defense services are highly diminished. Forty-two (42) states have created some kind of statewide public defender commission or agency which can provide oversight for indigent defense services. Next to giving independence to a states Indigent defense system, another critical role that the state commission should play is to act as an oversight body which should monitor costs and cases, or by basically ensuring that the quality of indigent defense services is high. The state can as well develop indigent defense standards like performance standards and regulating caseload limits, and also overseeing compliance with the set standards. The oversight should be provided exclusively through a well established state commission or an oversight board. However, the level of the authority that the commission should have, together with its effectiveness ,should be linked to the amount of funds given or level of funding that will be provided by the state. Without all this the DNA tests can as well be useless. 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Affects of Video Games

Affects of Video Games Free Online Research Papers From Atari to Nintendo to now Playstation 3, video game systems have develop into some of the greatest past time games to play alone or with friends. The generation of the 21st century have made video game companies one of the riches people due to sales and increase of popularity. Parents don’t mind buying video games for their kids and have no problem with it but there are a side of video games that is not being revealed. Although video games are fun and entertaining, companies and parents need to re-evaluate the way they affect gamers behaviorally, mentally, and learning abilities. Some say that video games have minimal impact on young teenagers behavior,pointing out that most video-game players live completely normal lives. But this has not yet been proven by anybody in black and white, therefore, just because a player does not immediately imitate specific violent acts found in video games does not mean the games will have no long-term negative impact on that player’s views and behavior. Because of this possibility, parents should assume responsibility for evaluating video games and should prohibit young teenagers from purchasing those that are especially violent. Some parents tend to buy these video for their children even though they are not old enough to buy or play them. Children play these games all the time and the video games get locked into their heads and think that it is ok to repeat these actions. In addition, playing violent video games adversely affects psychological health by actually addicting players to its entertainment. One of the most troubling influences videogames have on players is the medium’s remarkable ability to fixate a player’s attention or, to borrow psychologist Sherry Turkle’s term, its â€Å"holding power† (30), a state well illustrated in Fig. 1. Addictive reactions in the body can be linked to some of the visual and aural signals found in video gamessignals that cause the eyes, for example, to stop blinking for extended periods. This phenomenon triggers the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter thought by some to be the â€Å"master molecule of addiction† (Quittner). Is this chemical association the reason forty out of the fortyseven top-rated Nintendo games have violence as their theme (Cesarone)? The video-game industry, however, claims that it can censor itself with its own labels. Its goal, of course, is to prevent restrictive legislation that would cost it â€Å"hordes of young gamers† (Boal, â€Å"One Step†). The makers of Kingpin, a particularly violent game, have tried to protect the sale of their game by declaring that it was never intended for young audiences. Besides the pressure from peers and teachers in school, some adolescents have trouble maintaining a good standard in school. In some cases it may be that their learning abilities need extra attention, trouble at home or even the affect of video games effecting their brain by struggling with concentration on school instead of video games. Video games do not help adolescents learn the proper way or the right things they need to know. For instance, Games that mimic military combat training not only encourage brutality but also totally ignore teaching players about restraintone more reason violent games should be offlimits. These games are making the military look very bad and give the sense that this is what the military is about. Military combat games should show examples of how the military is not only about war and fighting. This is like all other games that show killing like Zoom, Grand theft Auto, or any others. These game is basically all about fighting, killing, stealing, and eve rything else in between that should not be display in games to kids and young teenagers. Parents should view these games or do some research on them before giving them to their children. They should even remember that video games have the ratings on them like Rated R, Pg 13, or PG. All ratings should be taken into consideration and parents should know that their kids cant play every game out there and that they are restricted to what they can play. Parents should not accept violence as entertainment in gamesand they should not think that such violence can’t affect the way their children look at the world and at other human beings. Video games are not the only contributing factor to society’s tendencies toward violence, but they are having an influence. For this reason, we all must take responsibility for the way we use video games. Cesarone, Bernard. â€Å"Video Games and Children.† Parenthood.com Jan. 1994. 12 Sept. 2004 . Quittner, Joshua. â€Å"Are Video Games Really So Bad?† Time 10 May 1999. 10 Sept. 2004 . Turkle, Sherry. Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Simon, 1995. Research Papers on Affects of Video GamesThe Hockey GameEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyTrailblazing by Eric AndersonCapital PunishmentThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Palestinian Statehood Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Palestinian Statehood - Research Paper Example The statement to which I agree is that the situation in terms of peace and prosperity shall be better than it is now. In order to gauge the complete understanding of the situation in Palestine, it is highly important that we look at it in context of its history and not just in isolation. The land of Palestine is the one region in the world which has experienced probably one of the most troublesome times. Throughout the various eras which have passed, it has been at the core of conflicts between various elements, with each believing that the land rightfully belongs to them as per their history and religion (Weiner 1999). Looking through the last century which has gone by, this land was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. However, after the First World War, the Ottoman Empire was broken and parts of it were given over to the victorious countries for administration by the League of Nations. The lands of Palestine were awarded to the Great Britain for their services during the First World War. From 1939 to 1945, the Second World War raged across the globe, during which the holocaust occurred. By the time the war ended, thousands of Jewish people had been displaced from Germany and were spread all around the region. The Great Britain gave up on its hold of Palestinian land, dividing it between the Jews, Egypt and Jordan. Thus, in the year of 1948, the independent and sovereign State of Israel was established (Quigley 2010). By the end of the â€Å"Six Day War† between Israel and the Arab states of Egypt Jordan and Syria, Israel had captured and taken full control over the lands of Palestine which had been given to Egypt and Jordan. These areas included the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza strip from the Egypt, the West Bank, Jerusalem from Jordan, while the Golan Heights were snatched from the Syrians (Quandt 1992). In 1988, the Palestinians announced that they were not just a piece of land, but officially the state of Palestine. This statement came from the Palestine National Council, which is the legislative body of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). This proclamation by the Palestinians was based primarily based on the norms of the international law, relying on the right of the self determination. This is a primary right which is awarded to the people to chose their political status (Quigley, Palestine's Declaration of Independence: Self-Determination and the Right of the Palestinians to Statehood 1989). Till date at least 130 countries have formally recognized Palestine as a state, with over 150 of them maintaining diplomatic relations with the Palestinians in one or another form (AFP 2011). This makes about 2/3 of the member countries of the UN General Assembly. Those countries which do not recognize the status of Palestine as a nation or a state, call these lands, the â€Å"Palestinian Occupied Territory† (Neff 2011). Despite this every time this comes under consideration, this is vetoed out by the United States of America, which has explicitly refused the Palestinian bid to attain the full membership of the United Nations (Mohammed 2011). Despite the international pressure from various countries such as China, the United States maintains its stance stating that only negations with Israel would achieve the Palestinians to form a state (Johnson 2011). In order for an entity to be recognized as a state, there are certain conditions which are in place and need to be fulfilled. These criteria of

A Debate that is related to Microeconomics Essay

A Debate that is related to Microeconomics - Essay Example It is important for economies to determine whether such ventures as minimizing IT will mean reduced operational costs and increased profits (which forms the core aim of all businesses) (Hubbard and Anthony, 377). Those who see IT as obsolete and replaceable say that the fact that almost all companies have embraced IT has removed the competitive edge it offers as a result of this ubiquity and is no longer important. IT, according to them, is therefore no longer a tool that a business can use as a tool for competition in the markets to advance itself above the rest. They therefore see it fit that companies that are wise and that have studied the times begin to swiftly reduce their spending on IT and focus on other ideas and innovations that can lead to originality and therefore serve as strength of a particular business against all the other market competitors. IT to them has simply become too old and basic and therefore expendable (Gravelle and Ray, 312). On the other hand, there are equally those who have vehemently argued against such claims of IT obsolescence. They state that IT comes with a plethora of benefits both to the consumer and the business itself. According to these proponents of IT, IT is irreplaceable in linking businesses and its consumers through the click of a button, a phone call or even email just to mention a few, while also offering a relatively easy source of information on the market trends, needs and preferences. It enables a company improve on service delivery and gain competitive advantage over others if superiorly utilized. IT also enables fast and efficient money transactions that are vital in the smooth running of any business set up, failure to which many businesses have crumbled prematurely (Hubbard and Anthony, 411). In my opinion therefore, IT remains important in businesses as it saves time and offers an

Managing Work and people( research report) Paper

Managing Work and people( report) - Research Paper Example The leaders have long been considered as the ruling personality in the business and working environment. However, the theories of leadership provide different grounds to leadership styles. Leadership is now believed to be a more flexible and dynamic approach to lead a team than ever. This paper aims to provide a more logical and less rigid perspective of leadership in the context of business environment. The theories related to leadership involving charismatic leadership, contingency perspective and path-goal theory are discussed in this paper. The paper also provides an account on the challenges that leaders face these days due to modern concepts like globalization, technological advancements and diversity. This paper also provides a personal reflection on the practical application of leadership styles and forms a conclusion based on the discussions on different topics related to leadership. The leadership approach that is being supported in this paper is ‘the contingency lead ership approach’. Leadership: The Concepts and Issues The Conceptual Definition of Leadership The concept of leadership is no longer a mystery. ... This paper analyzes the perspectives and styles of leadership and aims to form a conclusion based on the research on authoritative and participative leadership styles. Traits of an Effective Leader A leader is the person who puts forward the plan, explains success, and confirms the capability of success. It is clear that a leader who assures these things will be more competent than other leader who desires to put the idea but refuses to accept any work in the managerial part (Clark, Clark & Albright, 1990). Hence, effective leader is the one who have power over people and whose decisions are binding on others. Everyone possesses leadership potential. Effective Leadership can, & normally does, emerge from the inside. Effective leadership requires the leader to take the whole group along. It is not necessary to involve the whole group in decisions regarding the group’s success however; the members of group are ‘helpers’. These ‘helpers’, if motivated an d encouraged to work together, may quicken the process of success. This is what my experience led me to realize. The first experience as a night shift manager of a small hotel was the most difficult phase of my life. I hardly knew how to handle the staff and motivate them to work speedily and accurately. Leaders in the service industry need to be more attentive since the customers and workers are in a direct contact. The motivational theories helped a lot in running the business successfully from the very beginning of my professional career. Challenges to the Organizational Leaders: The five challenges as described by Yukl (2001) involve the challenges in achieving ethical leadership, gender

The Nature and Effect of Superbug H1N1 Coursework

The Nature and Effect of Superbug H1N1 - Coursework Example HA molecules are particularly important in the development of the disease as they cause the preferential attachment to lung epithelial cells and the insertion of the virus contents into the host cell. Each protein in the virus has multiple subtypes. In human-infecting Influenza virus strains, there are three HA subtypes, H1, H2 and H3, while NA has two, N1 and N2. The different combinations of HA and NA make possible the multiple subtypes of Influenza viruses (Kimball, 2009). With the elucidation of the viral structure, it has since been discovered that there are multiple strains of the virus, and that they continually mutate and cross-infect swine, birds and humans. As commonly seen among viruses, HA, together with NA, genes mutate at a high rate, causing new strains to be seen infecting humans almost yearly. This phenomenon is referred to as the antigenic shift. In addition, Influenza virus strains undergo gene reassortment, in which two strains infecting the same bird or swine exc hange RNA strands to develop a new virus subtype that the human population has not been exposed before. Thus, this antigenic shift usually causes severe pandemics. For example, the 1957 H2N2 Asian flu pandemic after the 1918 H1N1 Spanish flu pandemic is believed to be caused by the simultaneous infection of a human-infecting subtype and a bird-specific H2N_ resulting to the reassortment of their genes that produced a new bird-specific subtype that can infect humans. In effect, this new H2N2 subtype is something the human population at that time has not been exposed before, causing many to have no immunity against the virus and to be susceptible to infection (Kimball, 2009). Because of the unique features of Influenza virus, current prophylaxis still involves multiple vaccinations, with the composition of multivalent shots varied annually to confer protection against strains guessed to be most infective during the coming season. Thus, prolonging and ensuring the effectiveness has bee n the focal point of many researches. A promising approach is the development of vaccines that can induce the production of antibodies that are specific against multiple HA subtypes. Throsby and his colleagues (2008) paved the way for such approach when they identified human antibodies that can bind to H1, H2, H5, H6, H8, and H9. They referred to this antibody as CR6261 (Eckiert et al., 2009). CR6261 AGAINST H1N1 AND OTHER SUBTYPES What makes CR6261 different from other antibodies that confer resistance to only one subtype of Influenza? Eckiert et al. (2009) tried to elucidate the 2.2 and 2.6A crystal structure of the antigen-binding portion (Fab) of CR6261, as well as the CR6261 Fab complexed with heterotypic HAs from human 1918 H1N1 pandemic virus and avian H5N1 virus. Although it was not mentioned in the study if there is any purpose in choosing H1 and H5 instead of the other subtypes, the choices probably served the most purpose because H1 has a history in causing a pandemic (19 18 H1N1 Spanish flu), and H5 has a likelihood to infect and cause death among humans, who are mostly unexposed to such type of Influenza (Kimball, 2009). However, it is most ideal if the study

Impact of performance evaluation on employees motivation and Literature review

Impact of performance evaluation on employees motivation and productivity - Literature review Example 9 2.6 Performance Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 2.6.1 Different appraisal methods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 2.6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of an Appraisal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 2.6.3 Limitations of Performance Appraisal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 2.7 Factors that affect Productivity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......20 IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ON EMPLOYEES MOTIVATION AND PRODUCTIVITY (A Case Study) 2. Literature review 2.1 Introduction Performance evaluation is an aspect of organizational progress that facilitates productivity and innovation. Performance evaluation looks at the issues that lead to progress in the daily activities of employees. Performance evaluation links the goals and objectives of an organization with the individual actions and behavior. Organizations set standards for measuring performance evaluation against performance (Armstrong 2006). Such standards guide the daily performance of employees and give a level ground for measuring success. Performance evaluation aims at enabling employees to follow procedures and guidelines that are in line with the aims and objectives of an entity. Such conduct gets looked at by evaluating the conduct of employees alongside set organizational standards. Performance evaluation in many entities determines the punishment and reward that gets accorded to employees. This shows that individuals have to behave in a certain manner in order to realize the diverse performance measures set by their entity. Failure to obey the rules may lead to loss of job, lack of bonuses, stagnation, and demotion at the work place. This indicates that performance evaluation has the ability to influence motivation and productivity in the workplace (Waal 2007). Moreover, the human resource function uses performance evaluation as a tool of ranking the level of employees in the entity. Organizations must have the capability to objectively distinguish employees in relation to performance. This should happen to al employees in an organization. Employees who are underperforming should get the assistance and opportunity to progress. Leaving poor perf ormers in the entity sends incorrect signals to other individuals who are performing well. Successful employees should be recognized for the effort put in daily operations. Performance evaluation is a critical facet of the human resource function (Bohlander, Snell, & Sherman 2001). As a result, employees should be subjected to reasonable appraisal methods. These methods must be understandable in terms of their relevance to all individuals in the entity. This will make workers behave in a way that is pleasing to the organization. However, this does not signify that things go as intended in performance evaluation. Organizations have been blamed of not following the correct process in guiding the actions of employees. This in turn influences motivation and productivity in the organizational context (Waal 2007). In conclusion, performance evaluation has led to the success of numerous organizations. Handling performance evalu

Health Promotion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Promotion - Research Paper Example This is why there are a number of media publications which cater to this particular segment due to seeing an opportunity to serve the seniors and attend to their health and life concerns. There are also many Web sites which cater to this seniors group with the rise of Internet usage. One such site is the magazine of the American Association of Retired Persons (AAR) which can be accessed by anyone with an Internet connection and which has about 37 million members. However, there are a lot of seniors who are not very proficient or familiar with the use of personal computers and do not how to access the Internet, especially for those who have poor eyesight or are not very computer literate. Advancing age brings with it the usual ailments of old age such as arthritis, osteoporosis, failing eyesight, poor hearing, problems with maintaining proper balance when standing and while walking, danger of falling down in the stairs or in the bath room, plus all other health needs like having a good diet and physical fitness. The name of the Web site is itself already indicative of the target market for its products and services (www.aarp.org, 2014). Topics are relevant for seniors people (55+ years) and so the site is effective in its messages like maintaining wellness, on leading healthy lives, and preventing common ailments and in the avoidance of the usual accidents at home (Gullota & Bloom,

The Nature and Effect of Superbug H1N1 Coursework

The Nature and Effect of Superbug H1N1 - Coursework Example HA molecules are particularly important in the development of the disease as they cause the preferential attachment to lung epithelial cells and the insertion of the virus contents into the host cell. Each protein in the virus has multiple subtypes. In human-infecting Influenza virus strains, there are three HA subtypes, H1, H2 and H3, while NA has two, N1 and N2. The different combinations of HA and NA make possible the multiple subtypes of Influenza viruses (Kimball, 2009). With the elucidation of the viral structure, it has since been discovered that there are multiple strains of the virus, and that they continually mutate and cross-infect swine, birds and humans. As commonly seen among viruses, HA, together with NA, genes mutate at a high rate, causing new strains to be seen infecting humans almost yearly. This phenomenon is referred to as the antigenic shift. In addition, Influenza virus strains undergo gene reassortment, in which two strains infecting the same bird or swine exc hange RNA strands to develop a new virus subtype that the human population has not been exposed before. Thus, this antigenic shift usually causes severe pandemics. For example, the 1957 H2N2 Asian flu pandemic after the 1918 H1N1 Spanish flu pandemic is believed to be caused by the simultaneous infection of a human-infecting subtype and a bird-specific H2N_ resulting to the reassortment of their genes that produced a new bird-specific subtype that can infect humans. In effect, this new H2N2 subtype is something the human population at that time has not been exposed before, causing many to have no immunity against the virus and to be susceptible to infection (Kimball, 2009). Because of the unique features of Influenza virus, current prophylaxis still involves multiple vaccinations, with the composition of multivalent shots varied annually to confer protection against strains guessed to be most infective during the coming season. Thus, prolonging and ensuring the effectiveness has bee n the focal point of many researches. A promising approach is the development of vaccines that can induce the production of antibodies that are specific against multiple HA subtypes. Throsby and his colleagues (2008) paved the way for such approach when they identified human antibodies that can bind to H1, H2, H5, H6, H8, and H9. They referred to this antibody as CR6261 (Eckiert et al., 2009). CR6261 AGAINST H1N1 AND OTHER SUBTYPES What makes CR6261 different from other antibodies that confer resistance to only one subtype of Influenza? Eckiert et al. (2009) tried to elucidate the 2.2 and 2.6A crystal structure of the antigen-binding portion (Fab) of CR6261, as well as the CR6261 Fab complexed with heterotypic HAs from human 1918 H1N1 pandemic virus and avian H5N1 virus. Although it was not mentioned in the study if there is any purpose in choosing H1 and H5 instead of the other subtypes, the choices probably served the most purpose because H1 has a history in causing a pandemic (19 18 H1N1 Spanish flu), and H5 has a likelihood to infect and cause death among humans, who are mostly unexposed to such type of Influenza (Kimball, 2009). However, it is most ideal if the study

Health Promotion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Promotion - Research Paper Example This is why there are a number of media publications which cater to this particular segment due to seeing an opportunity to serve the seniors and attend to their health and life concerns. There are also many Web sites which cater to this seniors group with the rise of Internet usage. One such site is the magazine of the American Association of Retired Persons (AAR) which can be accessed by anyone with an Internet connection and which has about 37 million members. However, there are a lot of seniors who are not very proficient or familiar with the use of personal computers and do not how to access the Internet, especially for those who have poor eyesight or are not very computer literate. Advancing age brings with it the usual ailments of old age such as arthritis, osteoporosis, failing eyesight, poor hearing, problems with maintaining proper balance when standing and while walking, danger of falling down in the stairs or in the bath room, plus all other health needs like having a good diet and physical fitness. The name of the Web site is itself already indicative of the target market for its products and services (www.aarp.org, 2014). Topics are relevant for seniors people (55+ years) and so the site is effective in its messages like maintaining wellness, on leading healthy lives, and preventing common ailments and in the avoidance of the usual accidents at home (Gullota & Bloom,

Locke vs Rousseau Essay Example for Free

Locke vs Rousseau Essay John Locke argued that a legitimate government would be validated through the consent of the people it governed and protected, specifically the protection of a citizens natural rights of life, liberty, and estate. He also believed that citizens had the right of rebellion in the event that a government was acting against the rights and interests of its citizens, ultimately allowing those governed to replace the government with another in the interests of the people. Locke believed that the state of nature was that of happiness due to reason and tolerance. He argued that all people are equal and had no right to harm anothers life, liberty, or possessions. The state was formed by social contract because in the state of nature each was his own judge. Jean-Jacques Rousseaus beliefs influenced the creation of the socialist theory, which stressed the notion of government control. Concerning the state of nature, Rousseau argued that human nature ultimately settles in to a brutish condition without law or morality. He believed that the human race adopted governing institutions and institutions of law to simply avoid perishing, arguing that in man is prone to competition in his natural state. By joining together in a social contract, individuals have the opportunity to preserve themselves and remain free. In terms of their views on the state of human nature, Locke clearly believes that humans are naturally content with one another due to tolerance of fellow man. Rousseau believed that the natural state of man was far more aggressive, and the social contract of man existed merely for survival.

Relationship Between Savings and Inflation

Relationship Between Savings and Inflation Savings help cushion the business cycle as the economy faces hard economic situations (Syden, 2014). To have a sustainable economic growth, there is a need for sustainable resources to support it. That is why savings are needed to finance capital spending. These high savings rate levels have allowed the economy to gain high levels of investment (Horioka Terada-Hagiwara, 2011). China’s domestic savings rate is one of the highest in the world (Loayza, Schmidt-Hebbel, Serven, 2000). Inadequate savings would leave the economy vulnerable to shocks in income uncertainty and unexpected rise in prices. At 52% of the national GDP, China’s domestic savings rate is among the highest in emerging markets inadequate savings leave households vulnerable to shocks in income and rising prices, add burden to government in providing retirement assistance, constrain individuals in accumulating wealth inadequate savings leave households vulnerable to shocks in income and rising prices, add burden to government in providing retirement assistance, constrain individuals in accumulating wealth. Many factors come into play with regard to how much to spend and how much to ‘keep’ for future spending. REVIEW LITERATURE There have been a lot of theoretical and empricical research studies about the relationship of savings on different factors like inflation rate, unemployment rate, and interest rate. It has been argued that savings are important, and when the economy is hit hard, having money in the bank can ease the problem (Elmerraji, 2010). Saving rates around the world differs widely. (Loayza, Schmidt-Hebbel, Serven, 2000) stated that China, world’s fastest growing economy, had one of the largest national saving rates in the world. Those at Sub-Saharan Africa save less than 15% of their gross national disposable income while East Asia saves more than 30%. In recent years, saving rates have doubled in East Asia while those in Latin America were stagnated. What people do not spend after consuming part of their income is called personal savings. People tend to put their savings on bank accounts or partly invested (Piana, 2003). Given a certain income, the decision of consuming a good negatively affects savings. Postponing such consumption would increase savings and in contrast, savings can rise due to negative expectations for future income. As economic shocks occur on business cycles, households experience hard time in unexpected reduction in income. According to the Life-cycle hypothesis by Milton Freidman, people would eventually save more and minimize consumption to avoid future uncertainty. (Zaman, Carannate, Ferra, 2013) In times of economic crisis like the recent financial crisis on 2008, policy measures and uncertainty affects household consumption and saving decisions. In the Spanish economy, after the great recession, there has been an evolution of saving rates (Bande Riveiro, 2012). The behavior of households has changed after the great recession, through increasing saving rates. Large increase in savings rates is connected to the increased uncertainty in the future (Bande Riveiro, 2012). EMPLOYMENT Macroeconomic instability which is measured by inflation, causes an upward trend in saving. The season of high inflation and high unemployment, as well as cutting public benefits have raised income uncertainty and changed the expected future income of the economy (Chowdhurry, 2014). When an economy has a crisis, it leads to unemployment, and the risk of future uncertainty in income makes households save more (Zaman, Carannate, Ferra, 2013). When part of the households are affected with future uncertainty of income, it stimulates to low demand and consumption which would worsen the economic situation of the country. Financial crisis happens when labor market is distorted with high unemployment, changing households’ structure of saving portfolio. Any sort of financial crisis leading to a recession would have a significant effect on household savings. ECONOMIC GROWTH Growth models includes Harrod (1939), Domar (1946) states that economic growth is highly dependent on level of savings and output ration. These models indicate that increase in saving means high investment which stimulates economic growth. The availability of funds for investment increases as effect of having higher savings (Sothan, 2014). The higher the level of saving rate leads to increased capital stock that in progress leads to a high level of output. Business Cycle Different economies go through different patterns of ups and downs in the value of its Gross Domestic Product (Riley, 2012). This business cycle has four phases namely boom, recession, depression, and recovery. Economic boom has high consumer spending, profits, and investment. Unemployment tends to be low in this economic situation. Economic Recession has low level of consumer spending, income, and investment, and has a rising unemployment as businesses cut costs. Economic depression is when there is a declining GDP, showing weak level of consumer spending and investment, rapid rise of unemployment and prices starting to fall. Economic recovery is when economic situation starts to get better and consumers begin to increase spending and investment. Every country’s goal is for an economy to achieve a sustainable level of growth (Riley, 2012). Trend growth rate is what helps assess and compare the growth of the different economies. (Lequiller Blades, 2007) REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE EFFECT OF INFLATION ON SAVINGS RATE Almost all the past literatures that were found concerning the relationship of the variables inflation rate and savings rate concluded that the relationship between the two are positive and significant. In a cross-sectional data on inflation rates and savings rates of various countries in the world, both developed and developing, the results obtained in the recent study showed that inflation rates of all the countries positively impacts each of the countries’ savings rate (Cheng Li, 2014). El-Seoud (2014) conducted a study on the effect of Gross Domestic Product, interest rate, and inflation rate on the national saving rate in the kingdom of Bahrain over the past 20 years. The researcher found that inflation rate has a positive relationship and significant impact on Bahrain’s saving rate in both the long run and short run. Similarly, Syden (2014) also found that in their study of South Africa’s 48 years of household savings data, inflation significantly creates a positive impact on the continent’s saving rate. As for the case of Turkey, Er, Tugcu, Coban (2014) used the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach and the study’s results indicated that there that inflation positively affects inflation rate and savings but there was no relationship of significance between inflation and savings in the short run. Using two stage least squares model, the study of Chaturvedi, Kumar Dholakia (2009) on the relationship between economic growth, inflation, and saving rate in Asia revealed that inflation rate has a positive effect on the interest rates of the Asian countries as well. On the other hand, Heer Suessmuth (2006) utilized data of the inflation and saving rates from United States postwar period in order to analyze the monetary policy regimes of the three eras, namely the Pre-Volcker Era (’65-’78), Volcker Era (’79-’87), and the Greenspan Era (’88-’98). There appeared to be ambiguous resu lts on the effect of inflation on the saving rates. In the Pre-Volcker Era and Greenspan Era, inflation negatively affected the saving rates. In the Volcker Era, on the other hand, inflation is positively associated with saving rates (Heer Suessmuth, 2006). EFFECT OF INTEREST RATE ON SAVINGS RATE El-Seoud (2014) concluded from his previously mentioned study that the interest rate in Bahrain, just like inflation, has a positive and significant effect on the national saving rate in the short run. However, in the long run, El-Seoud (2014) saw that while the interest rate still has a positive relationship on Bahrain’s saving rate, this effect is now insignificant. On the other hand, in the results acquired from the study of Syden (2014) on South Africa, it showed that interest rate has a negative relationship and significantly impacts the saving behavior of South Africa. In a study on the Turkish economy, the researchers found that there was no significant relationship between interest rates and saving rate found in the long run (Er, Tugcu Coban, 2014). (Challe Ragot) (Romer) References El-Seoud, M. S. (2014). The Effect of Interest Rate, Inflation Rate And GDP On National Savings Rate. Retrieved from http://www.gifre.org/admin/papers/gjcmp/1-7-EFFECT-vol-3-3-gjcmp.pdf Syden, M. (2014). Trends and Determinants of Household Saving in South Africa. Economic Affairs: 59(2): 191-208 Cheng, Q. Li, X. (2014). Cross-Country Effects of Inflation on National Savings. Retrieved from https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/52867/Cross-Country Effects of Inflation on National Savings(ECON3161).pdf Chaturvedi, V., Kumar, B. Dholakia, R. H. (2009). Inter-Relationship between Economic Growth, Savings and Inflation in Asia. Journal of International Economic Studies, No.23, 1–22. Retrieved from http://repo.lib.hosei.ac.jp/bitstream/10114/3628/1/23VaibhavChaturvedi-ather.pdf Heer, B. Suessmuth, B. (2006). The Savings-Inflation Puzzle. Retrieved from http://www.cesifo-group.de/pls/guestci/download/CESifo Working Papers 2006/CESifo Working Papers January 2006/cesifo1_wp1645.pdf Er, P. H., Tugcu, C. T. Coban O. (2014). Investigating The Link between Savings, Inflation and Economic Growth: An ARDL Analysis for The Case of Turkey. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting. Vol. 1, Issue 2. Wachtel, P. (1977). Inflation, Uncertainty, and Saving Behavior since the Mid-1950s. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9102.pdf Bibliography Bande, R., Riveiro, D. (2012, October). Private Saving Rates and Macroeconomic Uncertainty: Evidence from Spanish Regional Data. Iberian Regional Economics Network. Retrieved March 2015, from http://otega.usc.es/docs_idega/documentos_de_traballo/irene/irene_4.pdf Challe, E., Ragot, X. (n.d.). Precautionary Saving over the Business Cycle. Retrieved March 2015, from http://www.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.57517.1321520817!/ChalleRagot.pdf Chowdhurry, A. (2014, December). Terms of Trade shocks and Private Savings in the developing Countries. Journal of Comparative Economics. Retrieved March 2015, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2015.02.006 Elmerraji, J. (2010, February 28). How Savings Are Saving the Economy. Retrieved February 2015, from http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0310/savings-are-a-blessing-in-a-slow-recovery.aspx Horioka, C. Y., Terada-Hagiwara, A. (2011, November). The Determinants and Long-Term Projections of Saving Ratesin Developing Asia. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w17581 Lequiller, F., Blades, D. (2007). Understanding National Accounts. 415. doi:10.1787/9789264027657-en Loayza, N., Schmidt-Hebbel, K., Serven, L. (2000). Saving in Developing Countries: An Overview. The World Bank Economic Review, 14, 393-414. Piana, V. (2003). Savings. Economics Web Institute. Retrieved February 2015, from http://www.economicswebinstitute.org/glossary/savings.htm Riley, J. (2012, September). Economic Environment. Retrieved March http://www.tutor2u.net/business/strategy/economy-business-cycle.html, 2015 Romer, C. (n.d.). Business Cycles. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Retrieved March 2015, from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/BusinessCycles.html Sothan, S. (2014). Causal Relationship between Domestic Saving and Economic Growth: Evidence from Cambodia. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6. doi:10.5539/ijef.v6n9p213 Syden, M. (2014, June). Trends and Determinants of Household Saving in South Africa. Economic Affairs. doi:10.5958/J.0976-4666.59.2.018 Zaman, R., Carannate, M., Ferra, E. (2013, June 17). Effects of Uncertainty on Household Saving Rate. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Retrieved March 2015, from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51208/

An Annotation of Emily Dickinsons I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died Essay

An Annotation of Emily Dickinson's I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died Emily Dickinson's poem "I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died" is centralized on the events of death and is spoken through the voice of the dying person. The poem explores both the meaning of life and death through the speaker and the significant incidents at the time of near death that the speaker notices. Many of Dickinson's poems contain a theme of death that searches to find meaning and the ability to cope with the inevitable. This poem is no exception to this traditional Dickinson theme; however its unusual comparisons and language about death set it apart from how one would view a typically tragic event. I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died by Emily Dickinson I heard a fly buzz - when I died - The Stillness in the Room Was like the Stillness in the Air - Between the Heaves of Storm - The Eyes around - had wrung them dry - And Breaths were gathering firm For that last Onset - when the King Be witnessed - in the Room - I willed my Keepsakes - Signed away What portion of me be Assignable - and then it was There interposed a Fly - With Blue - uncertain stumbling Buzz - Between the light - and me - And then the Windows failed - and then I could not see to see - In this first stanza, the scene of a deathbed is set. No specifics are given about the room, the dying speaker, or the people that wait in the room for an outcome. The fly is introduced and its significance is not explained as of yet. One detail that is heavily stressed is "stillness in the room." The word stillness is repeated and compared with the calm in a storm. This suggests two things: the motionlessness of death and the anticipation of something yet to come. The calm within t... ...y examined for the beauty and grace of God. In this poem, however, the fly is a messenger to the speaker. The fly's presence both comforts and informs the speaker about death and the appreciation of life. By choosing this creature, Dickinson portrays the beauty in every living thing: even the pesky fly has a purpose and a place on earth and in life. The poem also explains what the dying is experiencing, but it strays away from describing pain and fear and concentrates on how the speaker pays close attention to those that will continue to live. The speaker hopes to leaving something significant behind other than just material goods. She also notices that in the surreal moments before death, the stillness in the room encompasses everyone and everything, including even the air that fills the room. These elements work together to expose the beauty and serenity of death.

The ID3 Algorithm :: Classification Algorithms

The ID3 Algorithm Abstract This paper details the ID3 classification algorithm. Very simply, ID3 builds a decision tree from a fixed set of examples. The resulting tree is used to classify future samples. The example has several attributes and belongs to a class (like yes or no). The leaf nodes of the decision tree contain the class name whereas a non-leaf node is a decision node. The decision node is an attribute test with each branch (to another decision tree) being a possible value of the attribute. ID3 uses information gain to help it decide which attribute goes into a decision node. The advantage of learning a decision tree is that a program, rather than a knowledge engineer, elicits knowledge from an expert. Introduction J. Ross Quinlan originally developed ID3 at the University of Sydney. He first presented ID3 in 1975 in a book, Machine Learning, vol. 1, no. 1. ID3 is based off the Concept Learning System (CLS) algorithm. The basic CLS algorithm over a set of training instances C: Step 1: If all instances in C are positive, then create YES node and halt. If all instances in C are negative, create a NO node and halt. Otherwise select a feature, F with values v1, ..., vn and create a decision node. Step 2: Partition the training instances in C into subsets C1, C2, ..., Cn according to the values of V. Step 3: apply the algorithm recursively to each of the sets Ci. Note, the trainer (the expert) decides which feature to select. ID3 improves on CLS by adding a feature selection heuristic. ID3 searches through the attributes of the training instances and extracts the attribute that best separates the given examples. If the attribute perfectly classifies the training sets then ID3 stops; otherwise it recursively operates on the n (where n = number of possible values of an attribute) partitioned subsets to get their "best" attribute. The algorithm uses a greedy search, that is, it picks the best attribute and never looks back to reconsider earlier choices. Discussion ID3 is a nonincremental algorithm, meaning it derives its classes from a fixed set of training instances. An incremental algorithm revises the current concept definition, if necessary, with a new sample. The classes created by ID3 are inductive, that is, given a small set of training instances, the specific classes created by ID3 are expected to work for all future instances. The distribution of the unknowns must be the same as the test cases.

Emotional Eating Essay

Definition -when people use food as a way to deal with feelings instead of to satisfy hunger. We’ve all been there, finishing a whole bag of chips out of boredom or downing cookie after cookie while cramming for a big test. But when done a lot — especially without realizing it Reasons for emotional eating One of the biggest myths about emotional eating is that it’s prompted by negative feelings. Yes, people often turn to food when they’re stressed out, lonely, sad, anxious, or bored. But emotional eating can be linked to positive feelings too, like the romance of sharing dessert on Valentine’s Day or the celebration of a holiday feast. Sometimes emotional eating is tied to major life events, like a death or a divorce. More often, though, it’s the countless little daily stresses that cause someone to seek comfort or distraction in food. Emotional eating patterns can be learned: A child who is given candy after a big achievement may grow up using candy as a reward for a job well done. A kid who is given cookies as a way to stop crying may learn to link cookies with comfort. â€Å"Comfort Food† We all have our own comfort foods. Interestingly, they may vary according to moods and gender. One study found that happy people seem to want to eat things like pizza, while sad people prefer ice cream and cookies. Bored people crave salty, crunchy things, like chips. Researchers also found that guys seem to prefer hot, homemade comfort meals, like steaks and casseroles. Girls go for chocolate and ice cream. This brings up a curious question: Does no one take comfort in carrots and celery sticks? Researchers are looking into that, too. What they’re finding is that high-fat foods, like ice cream, may activate certain chemicals in the body that create a sense of contentment and fulfillment. This almost addictive quality may actually make you reach for these foods again when feeling upset. We’re all emotional eaters to some extent (who hasn’t suddenly found room for dessert after a filling dinner? ). But for some people, emotional eating can be a real problem, causing serious weight gain or cycles of binging and purging. The trouble with emotional eating (aside from the health issues) is that once the pleasure of eating is gone, the feelings that cause it remain. And you often may feel worse about eating the amount or type of food you did. That’s why it helps to know the differences between physical hunger and emotional hunger. If it is emotional hunger ,it feels very sudden and urgent. It also causes specific cravings like ice-cream or pizza†¦You also tend to eat more than you usually would. Sometimes, it can cause guilt afterwards.

Analyse different types of business information and their sources Essay

Verbal communication is communicating a message verbally to whoever is receiving the message. An advantage of verbal communication is the opportunity for immediate feedback to make sure the message was understood. Another advantage is the opportunity to utilize nonverbal cues (tone, body language, inflection). These can apply to Barclays because it’s important for Barclays to receive immediate feedback which they can go on and improve on the Business. Also, Barclays will understand the message that is being given verbally even more clear because they’ll understand the body language of the person that is giving the message. A disadvantage of verbal communication is that the communication or message that was put across is not recorded (unless a video camera is used), this means that if there are any types of miscommunication such as an employee getting rude to a customer, there’s a high possibility that it won’t be recalled again. Another disadvantage of verbal communication is that it is harder to communicate around the world. These apply to Barclays because Barclays has to make sure that there verbal communication towards customers or employees are made clear meaning that they would have to outcome the disadvantage. Also, Barclays has many customers/employees around the world, this means that this is a disadvantage to them as it would be harder to communicate seeing as customers in other countries would be speaking a different language, meaning that Barclays would have to come up with a solution in order to ease verbal communication around the world. Written Communication Written communication means communication by means of written symbols either printed or handwritten. Advantages of written communication are that it is more accurate (errors can be corrected or content approved). Another advantage is that a physical record of the communication is made. These can apply to Barclays because Barclays has to make sure that their communication is as clear as it gets for their terms & conditions pages, and written communication makes this easy for them as there is a high possibility that they won’t make mistakes. Another way these benefit Barclays is that when there is written communication made, there is a physical record of the communication meaning that there won’t be any mistakes in communication between the employees and customers, also customers can refer back to these  communications. A disadvantage of written communication is that written communication takes more time and is more expensive to prepare because of printing letters about outstanding loan payments which leads to higher costs because of the printing and stamps to send these letters. Also, another disadvantage is that there aren’t any types of immediate feedback. These can apply to Barclays because Barclays rely on time and don’t have much of it which means that they have to decrease the amount of written communication. Barclays mostly rely on feedback, with written communication there isn’t immediate feedback meaning that this would be a disadvantage for Barclays. Multi-media/ On-screen Information Multi-media/ On-screen Information is media on new technologies such as text messaging. This can apply to many companies in today’s society. An advantage of Multi-media communication is that the information can be spread to a lot of people at one time. This applies to Barclays because they usually have many meetings, and in them meetings they can use a projector showing a presentation which allows all members in the meeting so see. Another advantage of Multi-media communication is that it’s cheaper to use. This applies to companies like Barclays, instead of Barclays sending information via a paper based system which costs more; they can distribute information to their customers through multimedia communication. A disadvantage of multimedia communication is that many of the elderly in today’s society may not know how to work and understand the technologies used in today’s society. This applies to Barclays because Barclays may use text messaging to their customers and some of their customers may be elderly people. Another disadvantage is that not all people in the world have access to multimedia communication. This applies to Barclays because Barclays now provide services of online banking, and text messaging to their customers, however not all of their customers may have access to multimedia communication meaning that Barclays would still have to use a paper based system for some of their customers which leads to more expenses seeing as it is expensive to maintain. Web-based Information Web-based information shows many benefits of multimedia technology. With the  fast broadband connections in today’s society, it is possible to stream sophisticated content to a computer anywhere in the world. A significant amount of interactive multimedia content is now delivered via the internet through web-sites such as www.barclays.co.uk. This is an advantage for many people and businesses as the information can be received and read wherever and whenever it is convenient for the person/business. This applies to Barclays because they can send information to their employees from anywhere which can be read by the employee at any given time. Another advantage of web-based information is that it is easier to distribute information through it. This applies to Barclays because if Barclays is to have a change into how the business operates and needs to inform their employees, they can easily distribute the information on the web to their employees. A disadvantage of web-based information is that not everyone can access the web. This applies to Barclays because Barclay’s employees may need some information from Barclays on any new information or changes to Barclays, however some of employees may not have access to web based information meaning that Barclays will have to distribute information through paper based information. Another disadvantage of web-based information is that it can be led to misinterpretation. This applies to Barclays because if information is distributed to customers/employees, because it’s through a web based service, the customers or employees may not understand it properly. One other disadvantage is that if the systems of Barclays crashes, it could mean that customers would not be able to access the website. This leads to unpleasant customers whom may write complaints to Barclays. Internal Sources of Information Internal sources of information are those which can give valuable information regarding the organization from within. For example, a business like Barclays can give new employees an insight of information regarding how the business operates. An advantage of internal source is that the information is most likely to be accurate because the source of the information is from within the company its-self which is reliable. Another advantage of internal source of information is that it can be shared amongst other departments and created analysed by experts with in that type of field. For example, financial reports are created and analysed. Disadvantages of internal  sources of information are that it can be costly to produce, for example many people are employed on a specific job to just collect and analyse data. This means that this could actually be cheaper for external companies to do it for them instead. External Sources of Information External sources of information is secondary research, for example if a business like Barclays wanted to find out information about one of their competitors such as Santander, but Santander doesn’t want to pass any information out to Barclays, Barclays would then ask a different organisation to collect as much information about Santander. Pros of secondary research is that the information already exists meaning that this will save time. Another pro is that it is usually cheaper to get secondary research instead of primary research which will save company money. Cons of secondary research are that in some cases, it is usually expensive as well (scanner data). You may have less control over how the data was collected. With secondary research, there could also be biases in the data that you don’t know about. Also another con of this is that the answers may not exactly fit in your research questions. This applies to Barclays because if Barclays was to require information ab out their competitors, they’d refer back to a different organisation to find this information out.

Albert Jacka Soldier Man

Albert Jacka was born on the 10th of January 1893 in a small dairy farm in Winchelsea, Victoria. On the 17th of the first 1932, seven days after his 39th birthday, he died of chronic nephritis. He was the fourth child of 7 of Nathaniel Jacka and Mary Elizabeth Kettle. He spent most of his life in Wedderburn after his parents decided to move the family there in 1898 when Bertie was the age of 5. After completing elementary school, he found work as a labourer with his father, and later for the Victorian State Forests Department. On 18/8/14, Bert enlisted into the Aussie Imperial Force, assigned 14 Battalion, 4th Brigade, 1st Division and began training at Broadmeadow camp. Jackas battalion then left for further two months of training in Egypt. After that, his battalion then joined the fight in Gallipoli, arriving on Anzac Cove through the Dardanelles, 26/4/15. A month later on the 19th, the Turkish began an assault along almost the whole Anzac line, and captured a small twelve yard section of the trench, leaving one end being guarded by Jacka. For longer than several minutes, he shot warning shots into he trench until, finally reinforcements had arrived. Everybody but Jacka were hit so he leapt back into the communication trench. He had then thought up a new plan, two bombs would be thrown at the Turks, as Bert would walk around and flank them from behind. He shot five and bayoneted two as the others retreated. l managed to get the begars, Sir, he was quoted to have said to the first officer to arrive. For doing this act of courage, he was awarded with a Victorian Cross, which appeared in a section of the London Gazette. War Office, 24th July, 191 5 His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to award the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned Officers and Non-commissioned Officers:No. 65 Lance-corporal Albert Jacka, 14th Battalion, Australian Imperial Forces. For most conspicuous bravery on the night of the 19th-20th May, 191 5 at Courtneys Post, Gallipoli Peninsula. Lance-corporal Jacka, while holding a portion of our trench with four other men, was heavily attacked. When all except himself were killed or wounded, the trench was rushed and occupied by seven Turks. Lance-corporal Jacka at once most gallantly ttacked them single-handed, and killed the whole party, five by rifle fire and two with the bayonet. Albert was immediately known as a national hero. He began to be used on recruiting posters John Wren, gave him E500 and a golden watch, after promising the first Victorian Cross winner a reward of so. After the 28th of 8th he began to skyrocket from rank to rank, beginning with Corporal, then on the 12/9, Sergeant, then Company Sergeant Major on 14/11, and finally Second Lieutenant on the 29/4/16 after completing officer training. Early in June, the 14th Battalion were then sent to France. On the 7th of August, Berts platoon then moved into the line close to Pozi ©res, a small French village. One night after dawn, Just as Jacka had completed his surveying of the area, two German soldiers had overrun a part of line. They came to the entrance of Jackas dugout, rolling a bomb down the doorway, killing two men. Jacka survived, rushing up the steps, tiring as ne moved. He got up and came upon German soldiers rounding up about forty Aussies as prisoners. He spoke out to his platoon and charged against the enemy. Men threw away their rifles and began to participate n wild hand to hand combat, while the prisoners turned on their enslavers. On that night, they took capture of fifty Germans and retook back the line. Everyone was severely wounded, Jacka received serious neck and shoulder injures and was sent away to London hospital. On the 8th of the 8th, London newspapers sent out false reports claiming that Bert was killed in action. After this, Albert was promoted to captain and was authorised as the 14 Battalions Intelligence officer on the 15th March. Albert got back into the fght and led a night scouting party on the 8th of April, to inspect the enemys defences. He infiltrated the wire at two places, reported back, then he went out again to watch the laying of the guide tapes for the infantry. As the Job was almost done, two German soldiers creeped up, Jacka, realising that theyd see the tapes, he knew that they must be captured. He pulled out his pistol, misfired, so he rushed on towards them and captured them by hand. His smart, quick thinking, had saved the Anzac soldiers from discovery and possibly bombardment and had earnt himself a bar to his military cross. The newly captained Jacka, on the 8th July, was wounded by a snipers bullet near Ploegsteert Wood. Two months later on the 26th, he was back on his feet and back on the front, he led the 14th battalion against German Pillboxes(small underground outposts) at Polygon Wood. In March 1918, Jacka unknowingly faced his final fght, after being cruelly gassed at Villers-Bretonneux. A few months later, he boarded the Euripides, for Australia. A large crowd, including the Governor General, greeted him on his arrival in Melbourne. A few months after being discharged, R. O. Roxburgh, E. J. L. Edmonds and himself, created an electrical goods importing and exporting business. The following year on the 17th January, Jacka was hitched to Frances Veronica Carey, a typist at his Electrical Goods business. A few moths later, the moved to St Kilda and adopted a daughter. Eight years later, he was elected to the St Kilda Council and a year later elected as mayor. On the 18th of December 1931, he mysteriously fell ill during a council meeting and on January 17th, a year later, he died of chronic nephritis. Over 60,000 people paraded by his coffin as it lay in Anzac house. He was buried with complete military honor in the Presbyterian section of the cemetery.